Керри Тейлор-Смит
Нарушение сна часто является одним из наиболее сложных симптомов болезни Альцгеймера, затрагивая пациентов задолго до потери памяти и постановки официального диагноза. Исследование, проведенное в Университете Кентукки, сравнило плохой сон с канарейкой в угольной шахте — ранним симптомом нейродегенерации, который может служить потенциальным новым биомаркером для выявления заболевания.
Исследователям давно известно, что белок тау играет центральную роль в болезни Альцгеймера, но новое исследование выявило неожиданный поворот: вместо того чтобы просто истощать энергетические запасы мозга, накопление тау может фактически сохранять их, незаметно нарушая химический баланс мозга в сторону опасного чрезмерного возбуждения. Результаты показывают, что тау отвлекает глюкозу от успокаивающих, тормозящих процессов и направляет ее на подпитку неуправляемой нейронной активности.
В результате этих изменений в химическом составе мозг остается чрезмерно активным, вместо того чтобы переходить в синхронизированные, восстановительные ритмы, необходимые для нормального сна, объясняет автор исследования Райли Э. Ирмен. Это говорит о том, что сон — это не просто побочный эффект болезни Альцгеймера, он может быть частью самого процесса заболевания, при этом плохой сон выступает в качестве раннего предупреждающего признака, проявляющегося задолго до классических когнитивных симптомов.
«Когда человек бодрствует, его мозг более активен и может вырабатывать избыточное количество токсичных белков, в то время как глубокий сон помогает успокоить мозг, поддерживает восстановительные процессы и выведение продуктов метаболизма», — объяснил Ирмен. «Когда сон становится фрагментированным, этот баланс может сместиться в неправильную сторону, к слишком большой активности и недостаточному очищению и успокоению. На данном этапе сон лучше рассматривать как перспективный биомаркер и сигнал риска, а не как самостоятельный диагностический тест».
Более ранние исследования показали, что болезнь Альцгеймера связана с нарушением энергетической системы мозга, создавая порочный круг, в котором болезнь вызывает нарушения сна, а плохой сон еще больше ускоряет развитие заболевания. Предыдущие исследования также предполагали, что нарушения сна могут быть ранним признаком болезни Альцгеймера.
Новое исследование дополняет эту работу, изучая роль белка тау в захвате запасов энергии мозга, приводя его в состояние постоянной перегрузки и создавая дисбаланс между стимулирующими и успокаивающими сигналами.
Проблемы с двигателем
Поскольку исследователи считают, что «двигатель» мозга неправильно использует топливо в этом процессе, некоторые из этих эффектов могут быть обратимыми, что позволяет предположить, что этот процесс можно прервать с помощью существующих лекарств — теория, подтвержденная другими исследованиями.
«Наше исследование указывает на то, что существующие препараты, восстанавливающие тормозной тонус или балансирующие мозговую активность, связанную со сном, потенциально могут облегчить некоторые симптомы, связанные с болезнью Альцгеймера», — объясняет Ирмен. «Воздействие на сон и возбудимость может стать практическим способом уменьшить последующий вред, восстановить сон и точно воздействовать на нарушенные мозговые цепи».
Исследователи будут развивать эти результаты и считают, что до тех пор, пока не будет найдено лекарство, воздействие на факторы риска, связанные с образом жизни, такие как сон и метаболизм, может снизить уязвимость к болезни или потенциально замедлить ее прогрессирование. «Именно для этого и существуют эти исследования», — говорит Ирмен.
«В статье приводятся некоторые доказательства того, что сон может служить потенциальным биомаркером на ранних стадиях, поскольку изменения сна могут быть измеримы за годы до появления когнитивных симптомов», — говорит Тимоти Хирн, доцент кафедры медицинской генетики Кембриджского университета, не принимавший участия в исследовании. «Небольшие потери медленноволнового или REM-сна могут указывать на стресс, вызванный тау-белком, задолго до того, как атрофия проявится на МРТ».
Херн отметил, что, поскольку результаты получены на трансгенных мышах, следующим шагом будет подтверждение на людях. «Необходимо также продемонстрировать в долгосрочных исследованиях, сможет ли коррекция сна и метаболизма замедлить снижение когнитивных функций», — добавил он.
Результаты исследования опубликованы в журнале NPJ Dementia.
Источник: REFRACTOR
Перевод с английского
Фото: Depositphotos
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